Spice up your meals with a flavorful journey across Asia! In this article, we’re going to explore the world of spicy ground beef recipes from various Asian cuisines. From the bold flavors of Korean gochujang to the aromatic spices of Indian keema pav, each dish is a testament to the region’s passion for bold flavors and hearty ingredients.
Ground beef may seem like a simple protein, but when combined with the right blend of spices and seasonings, it can become a true showstopper. In this article, we’ll count down our top 20 spicy Asian ground beef delights, each one showcasing a unique fusion of flavors and techniques that will leave you craving for more.
Korean Ground Beef Bowl with Gochujang Glaze
This spicy and savory Korean-inspired dish is a perfect blend of flavors, textures, and aromas. Savor the tender ground beef coated in a sweet and spicy gochujang glaze, served over a bed of fluffy rice.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb ground beef
– 2 tbsp vegetable oil
– 1 onion, finely chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 2 tbsp soy sauce
– 2 tbsp gochujang (Korean chili paste)
– 2 tbsp brown sugar
– 1 tsp ground black pepper
– 1 cup cooked white rice
– Chopped green onions and toasted sesame seeds for garnish
Instructions:
1. Cook the ground beef in a large skillet over medium-high heat, breaking it up with a spoon, until browned, about 5 minutes.
2. Add the vegetable oil, onion, and garlic; cook until the onion is translucent, about 3-4 minutes.
3. In a small bowl, whisk together soy sauce, gochujang, brown sugar, and black pepper. Pour the glaze over the ground beef mixture and stir to combine.
4. Serve the glazed ground beef over cooked white rice. Garnish with chopped green onions and toasted sesame seeds.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Thai Basil Beef Stir-Fry with Chilies
This spicy and savory stir-fry combines the bold flavors of Thai basil, chilies, and beef for a quick and delicious meal. With its aromatic scent and zesty taste, this dish is perfect for a weeknight dinner or a weekend lunch.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef strips (sirloin or ribeye)
– 2 cups mixed chilies (Thai bird’s eye, jalapeño, and Anaheim peppers), sliced
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1/4 cup Thai basil leaves, chopped
– 2 tbsp vegetable oil
– 1 tsp soy sauce
– 1 tsp oyster sauce (optional)
– Salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
1. Heat 1 tbsp of oil in a wok or large skillet over high heat.
2. Add beef and cook until browned, about 3-4 minutes. Remove from wok.
3. In the same wok, add remaining 1 tbsp of oil, garlic, and chilies. Stir-fry for 1 minute.
4. Add soy sauce, oyster sauce (if using), and chopped basil. Stir-fry for an additional 30 seconds.
5. Return beef to the wok and stir-fry until combined with the sauce. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
6. Cook for an additional 2-3 minutes or until beef is cooked to desired level of doneness.
Cooking Time: 12-15 minutes
Japanese Hambagu with Teriyaki Sauce
A twist on traditional hambugers, Japanese-style hambagu is a flavorful and savory meal that combines the richness of ground beef with the sweetness of teriyaki sauce. This recipe serves 4-6 people.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb ground beef
– 1/2 cup breadcrumbs
– 1/4 cup chopped green onions
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon soy sauce
– 1 tablespoon sake (or dry white wine)
– 1 egg
– Salt and pepper to taste
– Teriyaki sauce (store-bought or homemade)
Instructions:
1. Preheat a grill or grill pan to medium-high heat.
2. In a large bowl, combine ground beef, breadcrumbs, green onions, garlic, soy sauce, sake, and egg. Mix well with your hands until just combined. Do not overmix.
3. Divide the mixture into 4-6 portions, depending on desired patty size. Shape each portion into a ball and then flatten slightly into patties.
4. Grill the hambagu for 4-5 minutes per side, or until cooked to your liking.
5. Brush with teriyaki sauce during the last minute of grilling.
6. Serve hot on a bun with your favorite toppings.
Cooking Time: 12-15 minutes
Chinese Mapo Tofu with Ground Beef
A classic Sichuan dish that combines the savory flavors of ground beef, tofu, and fermented soybeans with a spicy kick.
Ingredients:
– 1 block firm tofu, drained and cut into small cubes
– 1 lb ground beef
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon ginger, grated
– 2 tablespoons fermented soybean paste (doubanjiang)
– 1 tablespoon Sichuan peppercorns, toasted and crushed
– 1/4 cup chicken broth
– Salt and pepper to taste
– Scallions, chopped (optional)
Instructions:
1. Heat oil in a wok or large skillet over medium-high heat.
2. Add garlic and ginger; stir-fry until fragrant (30 seconds).
3. Add ground beef; cook until browned, breaking up with spatula as needed (3-4 minutes).
4. Add tofu, soybean paste, Sichuan peppercorns, and chicken broth; stir-fry for 2 minutes.
5. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
6. Garnish with chopped scallions if desired.
Cooking Time: 10-12 minutes
Vietnamese Lemongrass Beef Lettuce Wraps
Savor the flavors of Vietnam with this refreshing twist on a classic wrap. Tender beef, crunchy lettuce, and aromatic lemongrass come together for a deliciously light and satisfying meal.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef (sirloin or ribeye), sliced into thin strips
– 2 stalks lemongrass, bruised and chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon fish sauce
– 1 tablespoon soy sauce
– 1 tablespoon brown sugar
– 1/4 cup chopped cilantro
– 4-6 lettuce leaves (such as romaine or butter)
– Salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
1. In a large bowl, whisk together lemongrass, garlic, fish sauce, soy sauce, and brown sugar.
2. Add the sliced beef and marinate for at least 30 minutes, or up to several hours in the refrigerator.
3. Preheat a grill or grill pan to medium-high heat. Remove the beef from the marinade, letting any excess liquid drip off.
4. Cook the beef for 3-5 minutes per side, or until cooked to your desired level of doneness.
5. Assemble the wraps by placing cooked beef onto lettuce leaves and topping with cilantro. Serve immediately.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Filipino Giniling (Savory Ground Beef Stew)
This classic Filipino dish is a staple comfort food that’s easy to make and packed with flavor. Giniling is a hearty stew made with ground beef, vegetables, and aromatics that’s simmered in a rich and savory broth.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb ground beef
– 1 onion, chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 cup water
– 1/4 cup patis (fish sauce) or salt
– 2 tablespoons soy sauce
– 1 tablespoon sugar
– 1 bay leaf
– 1/4 teaspoon black pepper
– 2 medium potatoes, peeled and cubed
– 1 large tomato, chopped
– 1/4 cup chopped green onions for garnish
Instructions:
1. In a large pot or Dutch oven, cook the ground beef over medium-high heat until browned, breaking it up with a spoon as it cooks.
2. Add the chopped onion and minced garlic to the pot and continue cooking until the onion is translucent.
3. Add the water, patis or salt, soy sauce, sugar, bay leaf, and black pepper to the pot. Stir to combine.
4. Bring the mixture to a boil, then reduce the heat to low and simmer for 1 hour.
5. Add the cubed potatoes and chopped tomato to the pot. Simmer for an additional 30 minutes or until the vegetables are tender.
6. Serve hot, garnished with chopped green onions.
Cooking Time: 1 hour 30 minutes
Indonesian Beef Rendang with Coconut Milk
Rendang, a classic Indonesian dish, is a slow-cooked beef stew infused with aromatic spices and coconut milk. This recipe combines the bold flavors of ginger, galangal, and chili peppers to create a mouthwatering and comforting meal.
Ingredients:
– 500g beef brisket or chuck, cut into bite-sized pieces
– 2 stalks lemongrass, bruised
– 2 kaffir lime leaves
– 1 piece galangal (about 10cm), sliced
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon grated ginger
– 1/4 cup vegetable oil
– 2 tablespoons coriander powder
– 1 teaspoon cumin powder
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– 1/2 teaspoon chili flakes
– Salt and black pepper, to taste
– 400ml coconut milk
Instructions:
1. Heat oil in a large pot over medium heat. Add lemongrass, kaffir lime leaves, galangal, garlic, and ginger. Cook until fragrant (about 2 minutes).
2. Add beef, coriander powder, cumin powder, turmeric powder, and chili flakes. Cook for 1 minute.
3. Pour in coconut milk and bring to a simmer.
4. Reduce heat to low and cook, covered, for 2-3 hours or until beef is tender.
Cooking Time: 2-3 hours
Malaysian Beef Curry Kapitan
Experience the rich flavors of Malaysia with this hearty beef curry dish, Kapitan-style.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef brisket or chuck, cut into bite-sized pieces
– 2 medium onions, diced
– 3 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon grated ginger
– 1 teaspoon ground cumin
– 1 teaspoon curry powder
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– 1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
– 1 can (14 oz) coconut milk
– 2 cups beef broth
– Salt and black pepper, to taste
– Fresh cilantro leaves, for garnish
Instructions:
1. Heat oil in a large Dutch oven over medium-high heat.
2. Add onions and cook until browned, about 5 minutes.
3. Add garlic, ginger, cumin, curry powder, turmeric, and cayenne pepper; cook for 1 minute.
4. Add beef and cook until browned, about 5 minutes.
5. Pour in coconut milk and beef broth; bring to a simmer.
6. Reduce heat to low and let cook for 2 hours or until the meat is tender.
7. Season with salt and black pepper to taste.
8. Garnish with fresh cilantro leaves and serve over rice or roti.
Cooking Time: 2 hours
Singaporean Chili Beef Noodles
This spicy and savory noodle dish is a popular street food in Singapore, made with tender beef, springy noodles, and a bold chili tomato sauce. Get ready to heat up your taste buds!
Ingredients:
– 200g beef strips (sirloin or ribeye)
– 2 cups Singaporean-style noodles (or substitute with egg noodles)
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
– 1 onion, thinly sliced
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 cup chili tomato sauce (homemade or store-bought)
– 1 teaspoon soy sauce
– Salt and pepper to taste
– Scallions, chopped (optional)
Instructions:
1. Cook noodles according to package instructions. Drain and set aside.
2. In a large wok or frying pan, heat oil over medium-high heat. Add beef and cook until browned, about 3-4 minutes. Remove from pan and set aside.
3. In the same pan, add onion and garlic and stir-fry until softened, about 1 minute.
4. Add chili tomato sauce, soy sauce, salt, and pepper to the pan. Stir to combine.
5. Return beef to the pan and simmer for 2-3 minutes or until cooked through.
6. Serve beef mixture over noodles and garnish with chopped scallions if desired.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Cambodian Lok Lak Beef with Pepper Sauce
Lok lak is a popular Cambodian dish that combines tender beef strips with a bold and spicy pepper sauce. This recipe yields a flavorful and aromatic dish perfect for any occasion.
Ingredients:
– 1 pound beef strips (sirloin or ribeye)
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon grated ginger
– 1/4 cup fish sauce
– 1/4 cup soy sauce
– 2 tablespoons sugar
– 2 teaspoons black pepper
– 2 tablespoons water
– 1/4 cup chopped scallions and mint leaves for garnish
Instructions:
1. Slice the beef into thin strips and season with salt.
2. Heat oil in a wok or large skillet over medium-high heat.
3. Add garlic, ginger, fish sauce, soy sauce, sugar, and black pepper. Stir-fry for 30 seconds.
4. Add the beef and stir-fry until cooked to desired level of doneness.
5. In a small bowl, mix together water and cornstarch. Add to the wok and stir-fry for an additional minute.
6. Serve hot, garnished with scallions and mint leaves.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Laotian Larb with Ground Beef and Herbs
This classic Laotian dish is a flavorful and refreshing salad made with ground beef, herbs, chilies, and lime juice. A perfect combination of spicy and sour flavors.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb ground beef
– 2 cups mixed herbs (basil, mint, cilantro, parsley)
– 2-3 Thai bird’s eye chilies, minced
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon fish sauce
– 1 tablespoon lime juice
– Salt and pepper to taste
– Toasted rice powder or chopped peanuts for garnish (optional)
Instructions:
1. In a large pan over medium-high heat, cook the ground beef until browned, breaking it up into small pieces as it cooks.
2. Add the minced chilies, garlic, fish sauce, and lime juice to the pan. Stir well to combine.
3. Reduce heat to low and simmer for 5-7 minutes or until the flavors have melded together.
4. In a large bowl, combine the cooked beef mixture with the mixed herbs. Mix well to combine.
5. Taste and adjust seasoning as needed.
6. Garnish with toasted rice powder or chopped peanuts if desired.
Cooking Time: 15-20 minutes
Burmese Beef Curry with Potatoes
This classic Burmese curry is a staple of Myanmar cuisine, combining tender beef and potatoes in a rich, aromatic sauce flavored with turmeric, coriander, and cumin. Serve with steamed rice or roti for a satisfying meal.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef, cut into bite-sized pieces
– 2 medium potatoes, peeled and diced
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
– 1 onion, chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon grated fresh ginger
– 1 teaspoon ground cumin
– 1 teaspoon ground coriander
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– 1/2 teaspoon salt
– 1/4 teaspoon black pepper
– 2 tablespoons coconut milk
– 2 cups beef broth
– Fresh cilantro, chopped (optional)
Instructions:
1. Heat oil in a large pan over medium-high heat. Add onion and cook until softened.
2. Add garlic, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, salt, and pepper. Cook for 1 minute.
3. Add beef and cook until browned, about 5 minutes.
4. Add potatoes, coconut milk, and beef broth. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 30-40 minutes or until potatoes are tender.
5. Serve hot, garnished with chopped cilantro if desired.
Cooking Time: 45-50 minutes
Bangladeshi Keema Matar (Spiced Beef and Peas)
A classic Bangladeshi dish that combines the rich flavors of beef, peas, and spices, Keema Matar is a hearty and comforting meal that’s perfect for any occasion.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef mince
– 2 medium onions, finely chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 cup fresh or frozen peas
– 1 tablespoon ghee or vegetable oil
– 1 teaspoon cumin powder
– 1 teaspoon coriander powder
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– Salt, to taste
– Chopped cilantro, for garnish (optional)
Instructions:
1. Heat the ghee or oil in a large pan over medium heat.
2. Add the onions and cook until they’re translucent, about 5 minutes.
3. Add the garlic and cook for another minute.
4. Add the beef mince and cook until it’s browned, breaking it up with a spoon as it cooks.
5. Add the peas, cumin powder, coriander powder, turmeric powder, and salt. Stir well to combine.
6. Reduce heat to low and simmer, covered, for 20-25 minutes or until the beef is cooked through.
7. Garnish with cilantro, if desired. Serve hot over rice or with naan bread.
Cooking Time: 25-30 minutes
Nepalese Ground Beef Momo Filling
This traditional Nepalese momo filling is a flavorful and savory blend of ground beef, spices, and herbs. Perfect for stuffing inside momos or using as a topping for noodles or rice.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb ground beef
– 1 onion, finely chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon grated ginger
– 1 teaspoon ground cumin
– 1 teaspoon ground coriander
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– 1/2 teaspoon red chili flakes
– Salt, to taste
– Fresh cilantro leaves, chopped (optional)
Instructions:
1. In a large pan, cook the ground beef over medium-high heat until browned, breaking it up into small pieces as it cooks.
2. Add the chopped onion, minced garlic, grated ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, and chili flakes to the pan. Cook until the onion is translucent.
3. Season with salt to taste.
4. Stir in chopped cilantro leaves, if using.
5. Let the filling cool completely before using.
Cooking Time: 20-25 minutes
Sri Lankan Beef Curry with Roasted Spices
This recipe brings together the rich flavors of Sri Lanka’s cuisine with the convenience of a one-pot dish. With roasted spices adding depth to the curry, this beef curry is perfect for a quick and satisfying meal.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef (such as chuck or round), cut into bite-sized pieces
– 2 medium onions, chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon grated fresh ginger
– 1 teaspoon ground cumin
– 1 teaspoon ground coriander
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– 1/4 teaspoon cayenne pepper
– 1 can (14 oz) diced tomatoes
– 1 cup beef broth
– Salt and black pepper, to taste
– Roasted spices: 2 tablespoons coriander seeds, 1 tablespoon cumin seeds, 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon powder
Instructions:
1. Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C).
2. In a small bowl, combine coriander seeds, cumin seeds, and cinnamon powder. Roast in the preheated oven for 5-7 minutes or until fragrant.
3. Heat oil in a large pan over medium-high heat. Add onions and cook until browned, about 5 minutes.
4. Add garlic, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, and cayenne pepper. Cook for 1 minute.
5. Add beef, diced tomatoes, and beef broth. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 30-40 minutes or until the beef is tender.
6. Season with salt and black pepper to taste.
7. Garnish with roasted spices, if desired.
Cooking Time: 45-50 minutes
Taiwanese Beef Noodle Soup with Ground Meat
Warm up with a comforting bowl of Taiwanese Beef Noodle Soup, made with ground meat and a rich broth. This recipe is quick to prepare and packed with flavor.
Ingredients:
– 1 pound ground beef
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
– 1 onion, finely chopped
– 3 cloves garlic, minced
– 2 cups beef broth
– 1 cup water
– 2 tablespoons soy sauce
– 2 tablespoons oyster sauce (optional)
– 1 teaspoon sesame oil
– 8 ounces Taiwanese beef noodles (or rice noodles)
– Salt and pepper to taste
– Scallions, chopped (for garnish)
Instructions:
1. Heat the oil in a large pot over medium-high heat. Add the ground beef and cook until browned, breaking it up with a spoon as needed.
2. Add the onion and garlic; cook until the onion is translucent.
3. Pour in the broth, water, soy sauce, oyster sauce (if using), and sesame oil. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes.
4. Cook the noodles according to package instructions. Drain and set aside.
5. Add the cooked noodles to the pot; stir to combine. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
6. Serve hot, garnished with chopped scallions.
Cooking Time: 20-25 minutes
Hong Kong-style Beef and Egg Stir-Fry
A classic Cantonese dish that’s quick, easy, and packed with flavor. This recipe combines tender beef strips with soft-scrambled eggs and crunchy vegetables, all cooked to perfection in a savory soy-based sauce.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef strips (sirloin or ribeye)
– 2 eggs
– 1 cup mixed vegetables (e.g., bell peppers, carrots, snow peas)
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon vegetable oil
– 2 tablespoons soy sauce
– 1 tablespoon oyster sauce (optional)
– Salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
1. Heat the oil in a wok or large skillet over medium-high heat.
2. Add the beef strips and cook until browned, about 3-4 minutes. Remove from the pan.
3. Crack in the eggs and scramble them into soft curds. Set aside.
4. Add the mixed vegetables to the pan and cook until tender, about 2-3 minutes.
5. Add the garlic, soy sauce, and oyster sauce (if using). Stir-fry for 1 minute.
6. Return the beef strips and eggs to the pan. Stir-fry everything together until well combined.
7. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
8. Serve immediately over steamed rice or noodles.
Cooking Time: About 15 minutes
Indian Keema Pav (Spiced Beef with Bread)
Keema Pav is a popular Indian street food that combines tender beef with aromatic spices and served with soft, buttery bread. This recipe brings together the bold flavors of India in a deliciously easy-to-make dish.
Ingredients:
– 250g beef mince (80% lean)
– 1 onion, finely chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tablespoon ghee or vegetable oil
– 1 teaspoon cumin seeds
– 1 teaspoon coriander powder
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– 1/2 teaspoon red chili powder (optional)
– Salt, to taste
– 4-6 pav bread buns
– Butter, softened
Instructions:
1. Heat the ghee or oil in a pan over medium heat. Add the cumin seeds and let them sizzle for 10 seconds.
2. Add the chopped onion and cook until translucent (about 5 minutes).
3. Add the garlic, beef mince, coriander powder, turmeric powder, red chili powder (if using), and salt. Cook, breaking up the meat with a spoon, until it’s fully browned (about 8-10 minutes).
4. Split the pav bread buns in half and toast or grill them lightly.
5. Serve the spiced beef mixture on top of the toasted pav bread, garnished with softened butter.
Cooking Time: About 20-25 minutes
Pakistani Aloo Keema (Beef and Potato Curry)
A classic Pakistani dish that’s hearty, flavorful, and satisfying! This recipe combines tender beef with crispy potatoes in a rich and aromatic curry sauce.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef (or lamb), cut into small pieces
– 2-3 medium-sized potatoes, peeled and diced
– 2 large onions, chopped
– 2 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 teaspoon cumin seeds
– 1 teaspoon coriander powder
– 1 teaspoon garam masala powder
– 1/2 teaspoon turmeric powder
– Salt, to taste
– 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
– 2 cups water
– Fresh cilantro leaves, for garnish
Instructions:
1. Heat oil in a large pan over medium heat. Add onions and cook until golden brown.
2. Add cumin seeds, coriander powder, garam masala powder, and turmeric powder. Cook for 1 minute.
3. Add beef and cook until browned, breaking up with a spoon as needed.
4. Add potatoes, water, salt, and a pinch of black pepper. Bring to a boil, then reduce heat and simmer for 30-40 minutes or until potatoes are tender.
5. Garnish with fresh cilantro leaves and serve over basmati rice or with naan bread.
Cooking Time: 45-60 minutes
Mongolian Beef and Scallion Stir-Fry
Experience the bold flavors of Mongolia with this hearty stir-fry, featuring tender beef and crunchy scallions.
Ingredients:
– 1 lb beef (sirloin or ribeye), sliced into thin strips
– 2 tbsp vegetable oil
– 3 cloves garlic, minced
– 1 tsp soy sauce
– 1 tsp oyster sauce (optional)
– 1/4 cup scallions, thinly sliced
– 1/4 cup beef broth
– Salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
1. Heat the oil in a wok or large skillet over medium-high heat.
2. Add the beef and cook until browned, about 3-4 minutes.
3. Add the garlic, soy sauce, and oyster sauce (if using). Stir-fry for 1 minute.
4. Add the scallions and stir-fry for another 2 minutes or until they start to soften.
5. Pour in the beef broth and stir-fry for an additional minute.
6. Season with salt and pepper to taste.
Cooking Time: 10-12 minutes
Summary
Get ready to spice up your mealtime with these 20 mouth-watering Asian-inspired ground beef recipes! From Korean Ground Beef Bowl with Gochujang Glaze to Indian Keema Pav, and from Thai Basil Beef Stir-Fry to Singaporean Chili Beef Noodles, each dish is a flavorful fusion of East meets West. Discover the bold flavors and spices of Asia’s diverse cuisines, and add some excitement to your cooking repertoire. Whether you’re in the mood for something spicy, savory, or sweet, there’s something on this list for everyone.